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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is susceptible to populist impulses. It's still better than was expected.
The country is searching for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that values respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. There are signs that a secular culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and also made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools and bronze. They traded with other states and introduced celadon paper making block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period, the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy with the monarch and top officials came from the land aristocracy, while the rest of its population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people and sometimes even required them to join the army or construct fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the period. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest of the peninsula, and clashed against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families, and had to be respected and obeyed by all people, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a country that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the shapes that were created by the mouth when it pronounces. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is visible in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious goods like amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, constructed from massive single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country.
In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was ruled by various states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together in order to expand their territory. Silla with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase, its development paradigm appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the huge cost of the old system advocate the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization in capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system seek to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments and by exaggerating fears about possible job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided about the extent to which Korea's evolution is influenced by these two trends. This article examines the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development including democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies key factors that are shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey in 2009 revealed that almost three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not understand it. The level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea focused primarily on teaching students and in bringing Christ to them. A significant increase in interest in creation science came in 1980, with the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. This event drew an impressive crowd of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The event's success led to the creation of the 에볼루션 슬롯게임 Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 in 1980. The event was extensively covered in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it covered its activities and also published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of films and slides from ICR and a few books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures in churches and universities throughout the country.
A KACR success was witnessed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and got funding to build a small creationist museum on campus.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the creation science. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It also has branches in local offices that give talks and seminars to children and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. At this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other instruments of music.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The new regime's main challenge lies in the proper balance between the state-led economic policies and market-based ones. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions and also by a migrant from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders on the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo.
However, his rule was short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as an heir state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. From then on the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.